Japan is a pioneer when it comes to population aging. The nation’s low fertility, a high life expectancy, and the de facto zero net immigration contribute to Japan’s rapid demographic change. This seminar is designed (a) to introduce the historic development and recent trends regarding these three demographic variables, and (b) to discuss challenges and opportunities that lie in the political, societal and economic outcomes these trends generate. Moreover, this seminar (c) will encourage a close look at how different actors from the realm of politics, civil society, and the business world address the issues at stake, how they negotiate their positions, and push for policy reforms.